75 min
Perfect forms 1
1 topic
2 tasks
1.
Be careful with SINCE:
- I’ve known her since we were at school together. (we aren’t at school anymore)
- I’ve known her since I’ve lived in this street. (I still live in this street)
- You’ve drunk about ten cups of tea since you arrived. (you arrived in the past)
- You’ve drunk about ten cups of tea since you’ve been sitting hereyou’re still sitting here)
- We visit my parents every week since we bought the car. (we bought the car in the past)
- We visit my parents every week since we’ve had the car. (we still have the car)
2.
There are some common fixed phrases that use Present Perfect.
- They've made it! = They've succeeded.
- I've had enough. = I'm fed up. I don't want to do it any more.
- You've had it! = You're in trouble.
- That's torn it! = You, we, etc. have done something that someone else will complain strongly about.
- Now you've done it! = You've done something seriously wrong.
- She's arrived. = She's achieved fame, success, acceptance, etc. at last.
- He's lost it. = He's lost his patience or self-control.
- You've got me there! = Good point: I've no idea what the solution is.
3.
Past Perfect:
advanced points
advanced points
If the time sequence of events is clear, both Past Simple and Past Perfect are possible. At other times, Past Perfect is essential to understanding the sequence.
- I got to work after Simon arrived / had arrived.
- When I arrived, they'd already started. (they started before I arrived)
- When I arrived, they started. (I arrived before they started)
BUT
- When I had opened the windows, I sat down and had a cup of tea.
- When I opened the window, the cat jumped out. (the cat jumped out straight away)
- When I had written my letters, I did some gardening.
- When I wrote to her, she came at once.
4.
Unlike Present Perfect, we can use Past Perfect with a definite time reference:
- I arrived at nine o’clock but he had got there at eight.
1.
Как образуется?
Просто: have + V3
Зачем нужны эти элементы?
1) HAVE — вспомогательный глагол, буквально — «иметь» или, как мы чаще говорим по-русски, «у меня (есть)»:
2) V3 — третья форма глагола. К правильным глаголам добавляем окончание -ed. У неправильных глаголов находим её в табличке и запоминаем. Вы же их учите?
Третья форма (V3) — это страдательное причастие прошедшего времени. Попросту говоря, она отвечает на вопрос «что сделанный?»
Зачем нужны эти элементы?
1) HAVE — вспомогательный глагол, буквально — «иметь» или, как мы чаще говорим по-русски, «у меня (есть)»:
- I have a book. — У меня (есть) книга.
- She has a son. — У неё (есть) сын.
2) V3 — третья форма глагола. К правильным глаголам добавляем окончание -ed. У неправильных глаголов находим её в табличке и запоминаем. Вы же их учите?
Третья форма (V3) — это страдательное причастие прошедшего времени. Попросту говоря, она отвечает на вопрос «что сделанный?»
- finished — законченный
- planned — запланированный
- written — написанный
- sent — отправленный
BY THE WAY
Почему в перфекте нужно именно страдательное причастие (оно же «пассивная форма»)?
Потому что have + V3 дословно означает, что у кого-то что-то сделано. Всё верно, перфект есть и в русском языке:
Потому что have + V3 дословно означает, что у кого-то что-то сделано. Всё верно, перфект есть и в русском языке:
- I have written this down. — У меня это записано.
- I haven’t done my homework. — У меня не сделано ДЗ.
- He has finished the book. — У него закончена книга.
- They have planned a party. — У них запланирована вечеринка.
- I have written five letters. — У меня написано пять писем.
- She has sent an application. — У неё отправлена заявка.
5.
Structure variations
HAVE is not the only possible auxiliary for Perfect forms. In some set phrases, we use BE instead.
BE + V3
- Winter is come.
- How soon will you be/have finished, dear?
- I went to get the car from the garage, but they weren't/hadn't finished.
Another structure similar to a perfect form is this:
have/be yet to
- We have/are yet to decide what action to take.
A contracted form is also possible:
- We've yet to decide what action to take.
- We're yet to decide what action to take.
be done Ving = have finished Ving
According to Google, it’s not at all uncommon:
- I have finished working. — 218K results
- I’ve finished working. — 165K results
- I’m done working. — 227K results
- I am done working. — 112K results
6.
Don't overdo Present Perfect!
- It's not as big as I expected. (NOT have expected)
- You're older than I thought. (NOT have thought)
- I never thought he would get a degree. (NOT have never thought)
7.
Present Perfect is quite common in IF/WHEN clauses when you need to emphasise the completion of an action.
- Call me when you have arrived.
- If she has written the report earlier, she'll let you know.
8.
It is the first etc. time sth has happened = sth is happening for the first time
That works with the past too.
- This is the fifth time you've asked me the same question.
- I'm flying to New York tomorrow. It'll be the first time I've travelled by plane.
- That's the third cake you've eaten this morning.
That works with the past too.
- It was the third time he had been in love that year.
- It was the first time that I had heard her sing.
- It was the fifth time she had asked the same question.
- It was only the second opera I had seen in my life.
END OF GUIDE
Don’t relax just yet — graded assignments are coming up.
Go ahead and move on to the task; you need to hone what you’ve learned.
Go ahead and move on to the task; you need to hone what you’ve learned.
