60 мин
Модальные глаголы и вероятность
5 тем
3 задания
60 min
Modals and probability
5 topics
3 tasks
Сегодня нас интересует вероятность
- He MUST be drunk. — Должно быть, он пьян.
- She MAY / MIGHT / COULD be his sister. — Возможно, она его сестра.
- You CAN’T be a policeman. —Не может быть, что ты полицейский.
Как видите, степень уверенности в чём-то можно выразить всего одним модальным глаголом.
Today, we are focusing on probability
- He MUST be drunk. = I’m pretty sure he’s drunk.
- She MAY / MIGHT / COULD be his sister. = It’s possible that she is his sister.
- You CAN’T be a policeman. = I’m pretty sure, you are not a policeman.
As you can see, the degree of certainty can be expressed with a mere modal verb.
1.
HAVE + V3
Степень уверенности можно выражать не только в настоящем времени, но и в прошедшем.
Для этого (прямо как в 3-м кондишнле) добавим элемент совершённости — старый добрый перфект.
HAVE + V3:
Для этого (прямо как в 3-м кондишнле) добавим элемент совершённости — старый добрый перфект.
HAVE + V3:
- I must have passed the exam.
- Somebody may/might/could have stolen your wallet while you were sleeping.
- They can’t/couldn't have seen us. It was too dark.
- It must have been love (but it’s over now).
1.
HAVE + V3
The degree of certainty can be expressed not only with regard to the present, but also to the past.
For that (just like in Type 3 Conditionals) we'll add the element of completion – the good old perfect.
HAVE + V3:
For that (just like in Type 3 Conditionals) we'll add the element of completion – the good old perfect.
HAVE + V3:
- I must have passed the exam.
- Somebody may/might/could have stolen your wallet while you were sleeping.
- They can't/couldn't have seen us. It was too dark.
- It must have been love (but it's over now).
1.
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Now, let’s take these two sentences and talk about those 'meaningful' verb forms — to drink and drinking.
As you see, they’re 'wrapped' into different forms.
We are just about to figure out when to use either form.
It’s pretty handy when constructing sentences.
- I stopped to drink.
- I stopped drinking.
As you see, they’re 'wrapped' into different forms.
- to drink is an infinitive (i.e. the base form). TO SING, TO DRINK, TO FIGHT.
- drinkING is the so-called gerund, or, simply put, a verb wrapped as a noun. SINGING, DRINKING, FIGHTING.
We are just about to figure out when to use either form.
It’s pretty handy when constructing sentences.
NB!
*To finalise the matter, let’s point out the difference:
They look the same but are different parts of speech and even have different origins.
Don’t mix them up.
- DRINKING as a gerund is a verb-like noun literally meaning 'the PROCESS of drinking'.
- DRINKING in Continuous forms (e.g. I am drinking) is a participle, an adjective-like form literally meaning 'IN the process of drinking'.
They look the same but are different parts of speech and even have different origins.
Don’t mix them up.
2.
Герундий употребляется, когда нам удобнее использовать глагол в форм-факторе существительного.
1. Например, чтобы он был подлежащим:
2. Или с предлогом:
3. А также просто после некоторых глаголов:
admit, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like,
finish, hate, keep, like, love, mind, miss, practise,
prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest…
Плюс после фразовых глаголов типа give up, go on, etc. (Почему? Потому что во фразовых глаголах тоже есть предлоги).
1. Например, чтобы он был подлежащим:
- Smoking is dangerous.
- Remembering names is so hard.
2. Или с предлогом:
- Can someone live in the UK without learning English?
- I thought of buying another fur coat.
3. А также просто после некоторых глаголов:
admit, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like,
finish, hate, keep, like, love, mind, miss, practise,
prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest…
- I suggested taking the train instead of walking.
Плюс после фразовых глаголов типа give up, go on, etc. (Почему? Потому что во фразовых глаголах тоже есть предлоги).
- Katie’s given up smoking.
ГЕРУНДИЙ.
КОГДА ИСПОЛЬЗОВАТЬ?
КОГДА ИСПОЛЬЗОВАТЬ?
2.
The gerund is used when we find it more convenient to use a verb in the role of a noun.
1. For example, as the subject:
2. Or after a preposition:
3. And after certain verbs:
admit, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, hate, keep, like, love, mind, miss, practise, prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest, etc…
Plus after most phrasal verbs like give up, go on, etc.
(Why? Because phrasal verbs also contain prepositions).
1. For example, as the subject:
- Smoking is dangerous.
- Remembering names is so hard.
2. Or after a preposition:
- Can someone live in the UK without knowing English?
- I thought of buying another fur coat.
3. And after certain verbs:
admit, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, hate, keep, like, love, mind, miss, practise, prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest, etc…
- I suggested taking the train instead of walking.
Plus after most phrasal verbs like give up, go on, etc.
(Why? Because phrasal verbs also contain prepositions).
- Katie’s given up smoking.
GERUND. WHEN IS IT USED?
3.
Инфинитив — это выражение ЦЕЛИ или НАМЕРЕНИЯ.
Почему? Потому что слово TO, сопровождающее инфинитив, означает "ЧТОБЫ".
1. Помните — цель, намерение:
2. …Поэтому он, например, может употребляться и после прилагательных:
3. И, само собой, после определённых глаголов:
agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, remember… etc.
В особо навороченных предложениях может быть и личная форма, и инфинитив, и герундий:
Почему? Потому что слово TO, сопровождающее инфинитив, означает "ЧТОБЫ".
1. Помните — цель, намерение:
- I saved money to buy a new car.
- I spend 3 hours to get to work every day.
- Be careful not to ask her about her boyfriend.
2. …Поэтому он, например, может употребляться и после прилагательных:
- My house is easy to find.
- So nice to hear from you!
3. И, само собой, после определённых глаголов:
agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, remember… etc.
- I learnt to swim when I was 7.
- Sarah refused to go out with John, but agreed to take an iPhone as a present.
В особо навороченных предложениях может быть и личная форма, и инфинитив, и герундий:
- In 2015, the Queen decided to stop breeding corgis.
ИНФИНИТИВ.
КАК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАТЬ?
КАК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАТЬ?
3.
On the whole, the infinitive expresses a PURPOSE or INTENTION. Why? Because 'TO' that accompanies the infinitive means 'IN ORDER TO'.
1. Purpose, intention:
2. For this reason, it can be used after adjectives too:
3. And, naturally, after certain verbs:
agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, remember… etc.
In some complex sentences, there can be a finite form, an infinitive, and a gerund:
1. Purpose, intention:
- I saved money to buy a new car.
- I spend 3 hours to get to work every day.
- Be careful not to ask her about her boyfriend.
2. For this reason, it can be used after adjectives too:
- My house is easy to find.
- So nice to hear from you!
3. And, naturally, after certain verbs:
agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, remember… etc.
- I learnt to swim when I was 7.
- Sarah refused to go out with John, but agreed to accept an iPhone as a present.
In some complex sentences, there can be a finite form, an infinitive, and a gerund:
- In 2015, the Queen decided to stop breeding corgis.
INFINITIVE. HOW IS IT USED?
4.
ПО ПОВОДУ СПИСКА "ОПРЕДЕЛЁННЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ"
Ещё раз:
1. Герундий — отглагольное существительное, т. е. факт совершения действия либо процесс. «ДЕЛАНИЕ» / «СДЕЛАНИЕ».
2. Инфинитив — цель, вектор, намерение. «СДЕЛАТЬ / ЧТОБЫ СДЕЛАТЬ».
Поэтому зачастую с одним и тем же глаголом можно употребить и то, и другое. Смысл будет отличаться:
1. Герундий — отглагольное существительное, т. е. факт совершения действия либо процесс. «ДЕЛАНИЕ» / «СДЕЛАНИЕ».
2. Инфинитив — цель, вектор, намерение. «СДЕЛАТЬ / ЧТОБЫ СДЕЛАТЬ».
Поэтому зачастую с одним и тем же глаголом можно употребить и то, и другое. Смысл будет отличаться:
- Don’t forget to lock the door! — Не забудь закрыть дверь. (цель)
- I will never forget seeing Vorkuta for the first time. — Я никогда не забуду, как увидел… (факт).
- Remember to buy milk! — Не забудь купить молоко! (цель)
- I remember going to Peru as a child. (факт).
(как вы видите из этих примеров, зачастую герундий описывает прошлое, а инфинитив устремлён в будущее).
- I really tried to open the window! (цель, усердие)
- Try doing yoga, that will help your spine. (одна из возможных опций).
4.
REGARDING THE LIST OF "CERTAIN VERBS"
To sum up:
1. A gerund is a verbal noun, i.e. the fact of completing an action or the process of it.
2. An infinitive is a purpose, destination or intention.
That is why you can sometimes use either form after the same verb.
The meaning will be different:
1. A gerund is a verbal noun, i.e. the fact of completing an action or the process of it.
2. An infinitive is a purpose, destination or intention.
That is why you can sometimes use either form after the same verb.
The meaning will be different:
- Don’t forget to lock the door! — purpose
- I will never forget seeing Vorkuta for the first time. — fact
- Remember to buy milk! — purpose
- I remember going to Peru as a child. — fact
(As you can see from these examples, it’s often that the gerund looks at the past, whereas the infinitive aims at the future.).
- I really tried to open the window! (purpose)
- Try doing yoga, that will help your spine. (one of the things you could do).
5.
Кроме прочего...
К инфинитиву и герундию можно прикручивать пассив и даже перфект:
- Being drunk can be an excuse for doing lots of things. (passive gerund).
- It’s hard to learn German without having learnt English. (perfect gerund).
- How does it feel to be hit by a car? (passive infinitive).
- How wonderful to have been to a dozen countries without leaving your home. (perfect infinitive).
5.
Among other things...
Infinitives and gerunds have passive and even perfect forms:
- Being drunk can be an excuse for doing lots of things. (passive gerund).
- It’s hard to learn German without having learnt English. (perfect gerund).
- How does it feel to be hit by a car? (passive infinitive).
- How wonderful to have been to a dozen countries without leaving your home. (perfect infinitive).
Теперь вернёмся к началу миссии.
Переведите эти два предложения корректно:
- I stopped to drink.
- I stopped drinking.
Let’s now go back to the beginning of the mission.
Translate these two sentences or explain the difference between them:
- I stopped to drink.
- I stopped drinking.
Конец справки
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